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Written by Steve Theunissen | ISSA: CPT & Fitness Nutrition
Fact checked by Robert Iafelice, MS, RD, LDN
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Are you after a natural strategy to increase your testosterone levels? Two of the most popular natural testosterone boosters are Prime Male and Testo-Max, both of them claiming to help boost testosterone levels, improve muscular mass, and improve general well-being. These two supplements have specific ingredient doses and formulations that are intended to support normal testosterone levels and boost testosterone levels naturally.
But which one is best?
In this comparison review we cover:
- Overall Winner: Prime Male Vs. Testo-Max
- What is Prime Male/Testo-Max
- Ingredients: Prime Male/Testo-Max
- Benefits: Prime Male/Testo-Max
- Side Effects: Prime male/Testo-Max
- Prime Male/Testo-Max FAQs
Read on to get the hype-free facts you need to know to make a smart buying decision.
Prime Male vs. Testo-Max: Which Test Booster is Better?
When it comes to deciding between Prime Male and Testo-Max as a natural testosterone supplement, it all comes down to the ingredients and their dosages. Most of the ingredients in the two products are actually the same, which is why these two products are considered two of the best natural testosterone-boosting supplements available.
That's not surprising since there are only so many research-backed ingredients to choose from. The unique ingredients are luteolin, ashwagandha, and vitamin K2 in Prime Male. When it comes to Testo-Max, the unique compounds are fenugreek and vitamin K1.
A key common ingredient is D-Aspartic Acid (D-AA), which has been shown to stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone, a precursor to testosterone. Testo-Max has a significantly higher amount of D-AA than Prime Male. The inclusion of fenugreek, which is a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, is another plus for Testo-Max.
I have personally used both of these supplements to assess their relative merits. Each supplement was taken for six weeks, during which time I recorded my strength levels and body composition. While I had more energy and virility with Prime Male, my strength and muscle gains were better with Testo-Max.
My analysis of online reviews and testimonials supports my personal experiences with Prime Male and Testo-Max. On the basis of the unique ingredients, dosages, user feedback, and my personal experience, I can, therefore, confidently recommend Testo-Max as a more effective testosterone booster than Prime Male.
What is Prime Male?
Prime Male is a natural testosterone booster for guys who want to boost their testosterone levels and enhance their general health and well-being. It has a blend of 12 organic compounds, including vitamins, minerals, and herbs, which have been shown in studies to maintain normal testosterone levels.
Prime Male is designed to raise libido, improve mood, increase energy, build muscle mass, and reduce body fat. All of these effects are achieved as a result of naturally increasing the body's testosterone production. It is made by Roar Ambition, a UK-based company specializing in creating premium health supplements.
The target audience for Prime Male is older males who may be seeing a drop in testosterone levels as a result of stress, aging, or other circumstances.
The natural testosterone booster that can help support and raise your testosterone levels, helping you to burn fat, build muscle, and increase your libido...
What is Testo-Max?
Testo-Max is another popular natural testosterone booster supplement. It includes vitamins, minerals, and plant extracts that have been shown through research to support normal testosterone levels. It is manufactured by CrazyBulk, a US-based company that specializes in creating legal steroid substitutes and bodybuilding supplements.
Testo-Max is produced in capsule form. It is popular among bodybuilders, sportsmen, and fitness fanatics searching for a natural solution to boost performance because it is considered a safe and legal substitute for anabolic steroids.
Men who want to gain muscle mass, strength, and vitality as well as enhance their general health and well-being are the target market for this supplement.
Testo-Max pumps up your testosterone levels naturally. No illegal steroids required. Formulated from a testo-boosting mega-mix of D-Aspartic acid, magnesium, zinc, vitamins D, B6, K1, and more...
12 Prime Male Ingredients
With 12 research-backed ingredients, Prime Male is one of the most comprehensively formulated products on the market. Here's an overview of each ingredient so you can assess the reason for its inclusion in Prime Male.
1. Vitamin D3 - 4000 IU
Vitamin D3 is a form of vitamin D that is needed for healthy testosterone levels, as well as supporting immune system functioning and bone health. Studies suggest that vitamin D3 can boost testosterone levels in men.¹ Although the exact mechanism by which vitamin D3 increases testosterone levels is unclear, some researchers believe that vitamin D receptors in the Leydig cells, located in the testes, somehow trigger testosterone production.
Another theory is that D3 lowers the blood levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). This protein binds with testosterone, making it unusable for the body. By lowering SHBG levels, vitamin D may release more free testosterone throughout the body. Check out our article on the best vitamin D supplements.
2. Vitamin K2 - 45 mcg
Vitamin K2 is thought to improve general health and well-being while also assisting in increasing testosterone levels due to increased blood flow to the testes.
One of the main functions of vitamin K2 is to aid in the regulation of calcium metabolism in the body, ensuring that calcium is deposited in bones and teeth where it is required rather than in soft tissues where it may be harmful.
Vitamin K2 may enhance bone health, immunological function, and cardiovascular health in addition to its involvement in calcium metabolism, according to some research. Additionally, it might be an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.² Vitamin K supplements have been growing in popularity exponentially in recent years.
3. Vitamin B6 - 7.5 mg
Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin essential for metabolizing carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Vitamin B6 is essential for the production of serotonin and dopamine, two neurotransmitters crucial for controlling mood.
According to one theory, vitamin B6 indirectly supports healthy testosterone levels by enhancing general health and wellness. Studies have shown that vitamin B6 may improve immunological function, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function, all of which are associated with greater health and wellness.
A more direct role for vitamin B6 in the synthesis of testosterone is also possible. Research suggests that vitamin B6 intake may help to boost testosterone levels in men with borderline low levels since it is involved in the manufacture of multiple hormones, including androgen, which is a precursor to testosterone.³ B6 also improves the absorption of zinc and magnesium, which are both essential 'T' boosting compounds. More research is needed to completely understand the potential impacts of vitamin B6 on testosterone levels.
The form used is P-5-P, which is the most active form of the vitamin.
4. Magnesium - 100 mg
The mineral magnesium is involved in a whole host of bodily functions, including DNA and RNA synthesis and nutrient metabolism. It is also a key player in the production of testosterone. Researchers have identified that magnesium is able to regulate sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which binds to testosterone and can make it less available to the body.⁴
Magnesium's ability to promote overall well-being may also support testosterone production. It has been shown to help boost the immune system, reduce inflammation, and support cardiovascular health, making it a popular supplement on its own.
In 2011, the journal Biological Trace Element Research published a study that looked at how magnesium affects testosterone levels.
The researchers evaluated the levels of serum magnesium and testosterone in 399 healthy males between the ages of 20 and 80 for this study. The findings revealed a strong positive association between serum magnesium levels and levels of total testosterone. The researchers also discovered that when compared to the males with the lowest magnesium levels, the men with the highest magnesium levels had significantly greater levels of both total and free testosterone.⁵
5. Zinc - 30 mg
Zinc is a mineral that has many uses in the body, including promoting wound healing, immune functioning, and the synthesis of DNA. It also plays a role in regulating a number of hormones, including testosterone. Just like magnesium, zinc is believed to play a role in lowering SHBG levels, making more free testosterone available for use in protein synthesis and other anabolic processes.
Low zinc levels are a major problem among men, so its inclusion in Prime Male may make a significant difference. In one study, a group of elderly men who supplemented with zinc for six months nearly doubled their serum testosterone levels.⁶
6. D-Aspartic Acid - 1600 mg
D-Aspartic Acid (D-AA) is an amino acid and a neurotransmitter. It stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), which is a precursor to testosterone. D-AA has been shown to produce significant testosterone increase, with one study seeing men's levels increase by an average of 42% in just 12 days.
In 2012, the journal "Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology" published a study that looked into the use of D-aspartic acid (D-AA) to boost testosterone. Twenty-three men between the ages of 27 and 37 were enrolled in this study, and they were then randomly split into two groups. One group was given a daily dose of 3 grams of D-AA for 12 days, while the other group received a placebo. The levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the subjects' blood were assessed by the researchers at the conclusion of the 12-day period.
The findings revealed that when compared to the placebo group, the group that took D-AA had considerably greater levels of both LH and testosterone. The LH levels rose on average by 33%, while the testosterone levels rose by 42% in the D-AA group compared to baseline.⁷
Prime Male uses a calcium chelate form of D-AA which is claimed to be 75 times more soluble in water than standard D-AA. That leads to greater bioavailability and absorption into the bloodstream.
7. Panax Ginseng - 120 mg
Panax ginseng has been long used in Asian medicine to treat sexual dysfunction and boost virility and energy levels in men. Research on animals has shown that it may also boost testosterone levels. Though the mechanism is not fully understood, one theory is that ginseng has the ability to stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn promotes the production of testosterone.⁸
Ginseng is thought to also help increase blood vessel vasodilation, allowing for more blood flow to the penis. This improves erections and other sexual functions.
8. Luteolin - 60 mg
Several plants, including celery, green peppers, and camomile, contain luteolin, a naturally occurring flavonoid. According to studies, luteolin may help maintain normal testosterone levels in addition to having other potential health advantages.⁹
According to one theory, luteolin may support normal testosterone levels by preventing the action of the enzyme aromatase, which transforms testosterone into estrogen. Luteolin may support the maintenance of normal levels of testosterone in the body by obstructing the activity of the aromatase enzyme.
In a study by Han, et al., researchers looked into how luteolin affected an androgen-dependent pathway that is important in the development of prostate cancer cells in this study. According to the research, luteolin greatly reduced the activity of the aromatase enzyme. This, in turn, caused the proliferation of prostate cancer cells to slow down.¹⁰
Although the effects of luteolin on testosterone levels in healthy persons were not specifically examined in this study, it does show that luteolin may support healthy testosterone levels by decreasing aromatase activity. However, the potential impacts of luteolin supplementation on human testosterone levels require more investigation.
9. KSM®-66 Ashwagandha Extract - 300 mg
Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb that has long been utilized in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for its many health advantages. It is frequently used as a natural cure to ease anxiety and stress while also enhancing general well-being.
Ashwagandha extract's ability to enhance the health of male hormones, notably in terms of testosterone levels, has also been researched recently. According to some studies, Ashwagandha supplements may help raise testosterone levels in men who have low testosterone levels while also enhancing the amount and quality of sperm.
It is unclear how exactly Ashwagandha increases testosterone levels. One theory is that by lowering cortisol levels, Ashwagandha may be able to assist in boosting testosterone levels. The production of testosterone is thought to be adversely affected by the stress hormone cortisol.¹¹
Ashwagandha may also raise testosterone levels through its effects on luteinizing hormone (LH). LH is a hormone that encourages the testes to produce more testosterone. According to some research, ashwagandha may help raise LH levels, which could therefore stimulate testosterone production.¹²
A number of other substances in ashwagandha may have antioxidant effects, protecting the testes and enhancing general male reproductive health. In addition, sperm quality and quantity may both be enhanced by ashwagandha, indirectly supporting healthy testosterone levels.
10. Nettle Root Extract - 160 mg
Nettle root extract is derived from the stinging nettle plant's root, indigenous to North America and Europe. It has been used for centuries to enhance male health, especially in terms of the prostate and testosterone levels.
Several bioactive substances found in nettle root extract, such as lignans, polysaccharides, and phenols, may have positive effects on health. Nettle root extract may also help lower inflammation, enhance prostate health, and support normal testosterone levels.¹³
It is believed that nettle root extract may promote normal testosterone levels by obstructing the activity of the enzyme aromatase, which changes testosterone into estrogen.¹⁴
Nettle root extract might assist in maintaining healthy testosterone levels by promoting prostate health. According to research, nettle root extract may help decrease the size of an enlarged prostate, alleviate urinary symptoms related to prostate enlargement, and lessen inflammation in the prostate gland.¹⁵
11. Black Pepper Extract - 10 mg
Black pepper is known as a bioavailability enhancer. That means that it boosts the bioavailability and absorption of the other ingredients that it is paired with. This increases the overall effectiveness of the supplement.
12. Boron - 5 mg
Boron is a mineral that is frequently included in dietary supplements to enhance the health of bones and general well-being. It has recently been studied for its potential to benefit male health, particularly with reference to testosterone levels. According to some research, boron may help boost levels of free testosterone as well as other elements of male health like bone density and cognitive performance.¹⁶
By decreasing the body's levels of the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), boron may help maintain healthy testosterone levels. SHBG binds to testosterone and controls the body's ability to produce it. According to studies, boron may assist in lowering SHBG levels, which in turn may support the maintenance of higher free testosterone levels.
11 Testo-Max Ingredients
Testo-Max contains several of the same ingredients as Prime Male. In these cases, the difference comes down to the dosage, which we will explore below. For the unique ingredients in Testo-Max, we'll examine the research supporting its ability to promote testosterone production.
1. Vitamin D3 - 52 mcg
Testo-Max contains 52 mcg of vitamin D3. There are 40 IU per microgram. Therefore, 52 mcg of vitamin D3 is equivalent to 2080 IU (52 x 40 = 2080). This compares to 4000 IUs for Prime Male.
2. Vitamin K1 - 20 mcg
Phylloquinone, often known as vitamin K1, is a naturally occurring fat-soluble vitamin that is present in green leafy plants like spinach and kale. It is crucial for healthy bone development and blood clotting.
According to some studies, vitamin K1 may maintain bone health and lower the incidence of fractures, which is crucial for men as they age. Vitamin K1 may also lessen the likelihood of arterial calcification, which promotes cardiovascular health.¹⁷
3. Vitamin B6 - 20 mg
Testo-Max contains 20 mg of vitamin B6. This compares to 7.5 mg for Prime Male.
4. Magnesium - 200 mg
There are 200 mg of magnesium in Testo-Max, which is double the amount you get in Prime Male.
5. Zinc - 10 mg
Testo-Max contains 10 mg of zinc. This is a third of the amount you get with Prime Male.
6. D-Aspartic Acid - 2,352 mg
D-AA is one of the most popular testosterone-boosting ingredients in anabolic supplements. You get 2,352 mg in every 4-capsule serving of Testo-Max. This compares to just 1600 mg in Prime Male.
7. Nettle Leaf Extract 4:1 - 40 mg
Testo-Max gives you 40 mg of Testo-Max, which is just a quarter of the amount you get with Prime Male.
8. Ginseng Red Powder - 40 mg
You also get 40 mg of ginseng in Testo-Max. This compares to 120 mg in Prime Male.
9. Fenugreek Extract 4:1 - 40 mg
The herb fenugreek has been used for many years in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses. It is a common culinary spice that is native to Asia and the Mediterranean region. It also has become a popular ingredient in many testosterone boosters.
Fenugreek has been more well-known recently as a natural supplement for promoting male health, especially in relation to testosterone levels. According to some research, fenugreek may help boost levels of free testosterone, enhance sexual performance, and promote overall male health.¹⁸
Fenugreek may support healthy testosterone levels by decreasing the activity of the 5-alpha-reductase enzyme. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which can have harmful effects on the prostate gland and other aspects of male health, is created when this enzyme converts testosterone to this form. It may be possible to maintain larger levels of testosterone in the body by hindering the action of this enzyme.
In one study, 60 resistance-trained males were included in the trial, and they were split into two groups at random. One group received a daily dose of 600 mg of fenugreek extract for eight weeks, while the other group received a placebo. The researchers took measurements of the subjects' testosterone levels, body composition, and muscle strength at the start and end of the 8-week period.
According to the findings, those who took fenugreek extract had significantly greater levels of total testosterone than those who received a placebo. The placebo group experienced an average decrease of 4.56 ng/dL, whereas the fenugreek group experienced an average increase of 6.57 ng/dL. In addition, the fenugreek group outperformed the placebo group in terms of upper and lower body strength as well as body composition (i.e., a decrease in body fat %).
Based on these results, the researchers came to the conclusion that fenugreek extract might be a useful supplement for raising testosterone levels, enhancing body composition, and strengthening muscles in men who have undergone resistance training.¹⁹
Fenugreek may also maintain healthy blood sugar levels, enhance digestion, and lower inflammation, among other health advantages.
10. Boron - 8 mg
Each serving of Testo-Max delivers 8 mg of boron, compared with 5 mg in Prime Male.
11. Bioperine 95% Piperine - 5 mg
As is the case with Prime Male, it is added to enhance the bioavailability of the other ingredients.
Benefits of Prime Male
Prime Male is marketed more as a general testosterone booster for men rather than a muscle and strength booster for bodybuilders and gym goers.
1. Helps with weight loss
Through its ability to increase testosterone levels, Prime Male may help with weight loss. Higher testosterone levels can result in greater muscle mass. The more muscle you have in your body, the more energy your body needs to maintain that muscle mass.
As a result, the metabolism rate of the body increases, and you burn more calories throughout the day.
2. Increases energy levels
By increasing testosterone levels in men, Prime Male may boost energy levels and reduce fatigue. Ingredients linked to improved energy levels include D-AA, zinc, magnesium, and vitamin B6.
3. Improves sex drive
The combination of testosterone boosting, blood flow enhancing, and libido promoting ingredients in Prime Male is claimed to be able to improve sex drive. The key ingredients here are D-AA, zinc, ginseng, nettle root extract, and Bioperine.
4. Improves cognitive function
Roar Ambition claims that Prime Male will improve brain functioning and cognition. Increased testosterone levels may improve memory and attention span, according to some research.²⁰ The flavonoid luteolin has also been shown to improve cognitive functioning. The same is true of magnesium and ginseng.
5. Enhances mood
Increasing testosterone levels has been shown to result in improved mood, greater self-confidence, and a reduction in depressive symptoms.²¹
6. Helps build muscle
By increasing testosterone levels, Prime Male sets the platform for muscle growth. The more free testosterone you have post-workout, the more effective and efficient the protein synthesis process will be.
The natural testosterone booster that can help support and raise your testosterone levels, helping you to burn fat, build muscle, and increase your libido...
Prime Male Side Effects
When used as recommended, Prime Male is regarded as safe. However, it could have minor adverse effects on some people, just like any dietary supplement or prescription. These may include:
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Digestive disturbance: Some people may have digestive disturbances such as bloating, gas, or diarrhea. Typically, this is a minor, transient adverse effect that goes away on its own.
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Allergic reactions: Some people can experience an allergic reaction to one or more of Prime Male's ingredients. Rash, itching, swelling, or breathing difficulties are all possible indications of an allergic reaction. Stop taking the supplement and get help right away if you notice any of these symptoms.
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Medication interactions: Some of the chemicals in Prime Male may have an effect on some medicines. Fenugreek, for instance, may reduce blood sugar levels and may interact with drugs prescribed for diabetes. Before taking Prime Male, it's crucial to discuss your medical history and current prescription regimen with a healthcare provider.
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Hormonal changes: Prime Male's goal is to sustain normal testosterone levels, although some users may experience these changes as a side effect. Changes in mood, energy levels, or sexual function may be included.
Benefits of Testo-Max
CrazyBulk market Testo-Max more as a muscle builder and strength enhancer than Prime Male does. It is promoted as a replacement for the steroid Sustanon.
1. Increase muscle gains
By boosting testosterone levels, Testo-Max has the capacity to promote muscle mass increase. However, that will only happen if you are sufficiently stressing your muscles through resistance training and following a muscle-gain nutrition program that includes creating a caloric excess and ingesting plenty of high-quality protein.
2. Improved strength
The official Testo-Max website claims that you can make 'extreme' strength gain increases by taking this product. Increased strength levels are a byproduct of boosting your natural testosterone production.
3. Enhanced sex drive
By increasing the amount of free testosterone circulating through the bloodstream, Testo-Max may be able to enhance a man's sex drive. Specific ingredients that may be able to improve libido are fenugreek, zinc, ginseng, and magnesium.
4. Increases recovery
By increasing testosterone levels, Testo-Max claims to be able to boost workout recovery. Testosterone promotes protein synthesis, which is the process by which muscle repair and rebuild after a workout.
5. Naturally boosts testosterone levels
The combination of ingredients in Testo-Max is designed to naturally increase the body's testosterone levels.
Testo-Max pumps up your testosterone levels naturally. No illegal steroids required. Formulated from a testo-boosting mega-mix of D-Aspartic acid, magnesium, zinc, vitamins D, B6, K1, and more...
Testo-Max Side Effects
Although it is considered to be a safe, natural supplement, Testo-Max may come with the following side effects:
- Acne
- Headaches
- Diarrhea
- Gas
When should I take them: Prime Male vs. Testo-Max?
The manufacturer of Prime Male recommends taking one capsule four times daily. The suggested times to take the supplement are 8 am, 11 am, 2 pm, and 5 pm.
The dosage for Testo-Max is also four capsules per day. However, Crazy Bulk suggests taking them all together shortly before breakfast.
How to take them: Prime Male vs. Testo-Max?
Both of these products come in capsule form. The capsules should be swallowed with water and taken in accordance with the label recommendations.
How much do they cost: Prime Male vs. Testo-Max?
The cost for a single bottle of Prime Male (one-month supply) is $75.00
That compares to $64.99 for a one-month supply of Testo-Max.
Both companies offer free shipping. However, Prime Male's free shipping offer is limited to the UK and the USA, while TestoMax provides free worldwide shipping.
Prime Male vs. Testo-Max FAQs
What is better, Prime Male or Testo-Max?
Based on a careful analysis of the ingredients and dosages, along with first-hand experience and a review of the results achieved by other users, we believe that Testo-Max is the better product in terms of boosting testosterone levels.
Although both products have their dosage strengths and weaknesses, Testo-Max has a significantly higher amount of D-Aspartic Acid, which is a key testosterone-boosting ingredient. It also has fenugreek, which may boost testosterone by decreasing 5-alpha-reductase enzyme activity.
What's the difference between Prime Male and Testo-Max?
The difference between Prime Male and Testo-Max comes down to the ingredients and their dosages. While the two products share many ingredients, there are some differences. A unique ingredient in Prime Male is luteolin, which is believed to prevent the action of the enzyme aromatase, which transforms testosterone into estrogen.
On the other hand, Testo-Max contains fenugreek, which has been getting a lot of hype for its reported ability to support healthy testosterone levels by decreasing the activity of the 5-alpha-reductase enzyme.
Is Prime Male effective?
Yes, Prime Male is an effective testosterone enhancer. It contains a dozen research-backed ingredients to encourage natural testosterone production. However, it will not produce miracles. To build muscle, you will need to train hard and follow a muscle-building diet.
Does Testo-Max build muscle?
Testo-Max will not automatically build muscle. What it will do is support the body's natural production of testosterone. Then, once you have stressed your muscles through resistance exercise, the increased testosterone in your bloodstream will promote protein synthesis, which is when your muscles are rebuilt. So, if you don't work out, you won't build muscle with Testo-Max.
Are Testo-Max and Prime Male steroids?
No, they are not steroids. Both products contain natural ingredients that boost testosterone production naturally, rather than being straight-up testosterone supplements like you would get from testosterone replacement therapy (TRT).
SUMMARY
Prime Male and Testo-Max are two of the best testosterone booster supplements on the market. While they both contain more than ten research-attested ingredients, they differ in their dosages. There are also unique ingredients in each supplement, with Prime Male including the aromatase inhibitor Luteolin, while Testo-Max has the 5-alpha-reductase enzyme inhibitor fenugreek.
Based on the overall ingredient profile and dosages, we believe that Testo-Max is the better testosterone booster.
Testo-Max pumps up your testosterone levels naturally. No illegal steroids required. Formulated from a testo-boosting mega-mix of D-Aspartic acid, magnesium, zinc, vitamins D, B6, K1, and more...
Looking for more head to head test booster comparisons? Check out our post TestoFuel vs TestoPrime to see which reigns supreme.
References
- Pilz, S, et al. “Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone Levels in Men.” Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme, vol. 43, no. 3, 2011, pp. 223–5
- Sato, Toshiro. "Vitamin K2 and Bone Quality." Vitamins & Minerals, vol. s6, 2013
- Symes, E. K., et al. "Increased Target Tissue Uptake Of, and Sensitivity To, Testosterone in the Vitamin B6 Deficient Rat." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, vol. 20, no. 5, 1 May 1984, pp. 1089–1093
- Cinar, Vedat, et al. "Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Testosterone Levels of Athletes and Sedentary Subjects at Rest and after Exhaustion." Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 140, no. 1, 30 Mar. 2010, pp. 18–23
- Cinar, Vedat, et al. "Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Testosterone Levels of Athletes and Sedentary Subjects at Rest and after Exhaustion." Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 140, no. 1, 30 Mar. 2010, pp. 18–23
- Prasad, Ananda S., et al. "Zinc Status and Serum Testosterone Levels of Healthy Adults." Nutrition, vol. 12, no. 5, May 1996, pp. 344–348
- D’Aniello, Gemma, et al. “D-Aspartate, a Key Element for the Improvement of Sperm Quality.” Advances in Sexual Medicine, vol. 02, no. 04, 2012, pp. 45–53
- Fahim, M. S., et al. "Effect of Panax Ginseng on Testosterone Level and Prostate in Male Rats." Archives of Andrology, vol. 8, no. 4, Jan. 1982, pp. 261–263
- Lu, Dan-feng, et al. "Inhibitory Effect of Luteolin on Estrogen Biosynthesis in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells by Suppression of Aromatase (CYP19)." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 60, no. 34, 29 Aug. 2012, pp. 8411–8418
- Han K, Meng W, Zhang JJ, Zhou Y, Wang YL, Su Y, Lin SC, Gan ZH, Sun YN, Min DL. Luteolin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through miR-301. Onco Targets Ther. 2016 May 26;9:3085-94. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S102862. PMID: 27307749; PMCID: PMC4888721.
- K, Chandrasekhar, et al. "A Prospective, Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Safety and Efficacy of a High-Concentration Full-Spectrum Extract of Ashwagandha Root in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Adults." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 1 July 2012
- Ahmad, Mohammad Kaleem, et al. "Withania Somnifera Improves Semen Quality by Regulating Reproductive Hormone Levels and Oxidative Stress in Seminal Plasma of Infertile Males." Fertility and Sterility, vol. 94, no. 3, 2010, pp. 989–96
- Lopatkin, Nikolai, et al. "Efficacy and Safety of a Combination of Sabal and Urtica Extract in Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms--Long-Term Follow-up of a Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial." International Urology and Nephrology, vol. 39, no. 4, 2007, pp. 1137–1146
- Chrubasik, Julia E., et al. “A Comprehensive Review on the Stinging Nettle Effect and Efficacy Profiles. Part II: Urticae Radix.” Phytomedicine, vol. 14, no. 7-8, Aug. 2007, pp. 568–579
- Hryb, D. J., et al. "The Effect of Extracts of the Roots of the Stinging Nettle (Urtica Dioica) on the Interaction of SHBG with Its Receptor on Human Prostatic Membranes." Planta Medica, vol. 61, no. 1, 1 Feb. 1995, pp. 31–32
- Naghii, Mohammad Reza, et al. “Comparative Effects of Daily and Weekly Boron Supplementation on Plasma Steroid Hormones and Proinflammatory Cytokines.” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology: Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS), vol. 25, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2011, pp. 54–58
- Gast, G. C. M., et al. "A High Menaquinone Intake Reduces the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease." Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD, vol. 19, no. 7, 1 Sept. 2009, pp. 504–510
- Steels, Elizabeth, et al. "Physiological Aspects of Male Libido Enhanced by Standardized Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Extract and Mineral Formulation." Phytotherapy Research, Feb. 2011
- Wankhede, Sachin, et al. "Beneficial Effects of Fenugreek Glycoside Supplementation in Male Subjects during Resistance Training: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study." Journal of Sport and Health Science, vol. 5, no. 2, 1 June 2016, pp. 176–182
- Steels, Elizabeth, et al. "Physiological Aspects of Male Libido Enhanced by Standardized Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Extract and Mineral Formulation." Phytotherapy Research, Feb. 2011
- Booth, Alan, et al. "Testosterone, and Winning and Losing in Human Competition." Hormones and Behavior, vol. 23, no. 4, Dec. 1989, pp. 556–571
Steve Theunissen
Author